Checking for library dependencies in Windows and Linux

Hi Community,

Today’s post is about identifying and learning about the dependencies our applications might have with shared libraries. One of the beautiful things about software is that it’s universal similar to music, therefore patterns and principles are agnostic of any platform, but they’re also applicable to specific platforms.  In order to get started, we need to understand the concept of executable format and its many flavors. Linux like any other *nix system uses ELF,  Windows in the other hand uses PE. They both describe code that can run on their corresponding target system. At the same time, it’s fair to say that I can run (and I do) Windows programs on Linux via Wine (which is a compatibility layer that implements a virtual machine or sandbox environment  where “Windows” code is safely executed).

When it comes to shared libraries and dependencies, headaches and issues always arise regardless of the platform. Some of these issues went away with the introduction of .NET back in 2002 that helped alleviate the “DLL Hell”, which it might not “occur”, but different architectures (x86, x64, ARM and Itanium to mention a few) also bring their own set of problems, like referencing a library (e.g.: DLL) from a project that targets a different architecture, or how to differentiate a Win32 library from a .NET assembly is another clear example. I wrote an utility “.NET Library Explorer” (in Spanish) back in 2002 which helps developers to identify and understand libraries a bit better.

Now that we have a better understanding of the subject, let’s start describing and talking about the tools that might help us identify and recognize libraries and their dependencies. 

Let’s start with Linux, shall we? One of the things I love about Linux is that besides being open it also provides a variety of toolchains. There are two utilities that allow me to see at the ELF information of any given executable, so for example LDD (Print shared object dependencies). In this case, I’m printing out all the dependencies required this new Qt project I started working on recently. For a lot of people that are new to Linux, they might get confused when they find out that “Shared Libraries” in Linux can either be .a (static) or .so (dynamically linked). In other words, .a is the equivalent of a .LIB in Visual C++ and .so is a DLL that can be dynamically loaded at runtime.

 

angel@Obi-wan:~/Code/Ubuntu/QtProjects/qtMonoHost/build-qtMonoHost-Desktop_Qt_5_6_0_GCC_64bit-Debug$ ldd qtMonoHost

    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffe136b7000)

    libmonoboehm-2.0.so.1 => /usr/lib/libmonoboehm-2.0.so.1 (0x00007f6bf3b4a000)

    libQt5Widgets.so.5 => /usr/local/Qt/5.6/gcc_64/lib/libQt5Widgets.so.5 (0x00007f6bf32d7000)

    libQt5Core.so.5 => /usr/local/Qt/5.6/gcc_64/lib/libQt5Core.so.5 (0x00007f6bf2bc5000)

    libstdc++.so.6 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6 (0x00007f6bf2843000)

    libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x00007f6bf262c000)

    libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f6bf2263000)

    libm.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6 (0x00007f6bf1f5a000)

    librt.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/librt.so.1 (0x00007f6bf1d51000)

    libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f6bf1b4d000)

    libpthread.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f6bf1930000)

    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x000055bcbfaf9000)

    libQt5Gui.so.5 => /usr/local/Qt/5.6/gcc_64/lib/libQt5Gui.so.5 (0x00007f6bf1138000)

    libgobject-2.0.so.0 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgobject-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f6bf0ee5000)

    libgthread-2.0.so.0 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgthread-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f6bf0ce3000)

    libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f6bf09d1000)

    libXext.so.6 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXext.so.6 (0x00007f6bf07bf000)

    libX11.so.6 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libX11.so.6 (0x00007f6bf0485000)

    libGL.so.1 => /usr/lib/nvidia-361/libGL.so.1 (0x00007f6bf01f5000)

    libz.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1 (0x00007f6beffdb000)

    libicui18n.so.56 => /usr/local/Qt/5.6/gcc_64/lib/libicui18n.so.56 (0x00007f6befb41000)

    libicuuc.so.56 => /usr/local/Qt/5.6/gcc_64/lib/libicuuc.so.56 (0x00007f6bef788000)

    libicudata.so.56 => /usr/local/Qt/5.6/gcc_64/lib/libicudata.so.56 (0x00007f6bedda5000)

    libffi.so.6 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libffi.so.6 (0x00007f6bedb9c000)

    libpcre.so.3 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcre.so.3 (0x00007f6bed92c000)

    libxcb.so.1 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libxcb.so.1 (0x00007f6bed70a000)

    libGLX.so.0 => /usr/lib/nvidia-361/libGLX.so.0 (0x00007f6bed4d7000)

    libGLdispatch.so.0 => /usr/lib/nvidia-361/libGLdispatch.so.0 (0x00007f6bed1ef000)

    libXau.so.6 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXau.so.6 (0x00007f6becfea000)

    libXdmcp.so.6 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXdmcp.so.6 (0x00007f6becde4000)

 

At the same time, I could have also used objdump (Display information from object files) to find out the needed files, as shown below in the “Dynamic Section” labeled as NEEDED

 

angel@Obi-wan:~/Code/Ubuntu/QtProjects/qtMonoHost/build-qtMonoHost-Desktop_Qt_5_6_0_GCC_64bit-Debug$ objdump -x qtMonoHost

 

qtMonoHost:     file format elf64-x86-64

qtMonoHost

architecture: i386:x86-64, flags 0x00000112:

EXEC_P, HAS_SYMS, D_PAGED

start address 0x00000000004028b0

 

Program Header:

    PHDR off    0x0000000000000040 vaddr 0x0000000000400040 paddr 0x0000000000400040 align 2**3

         filesz 0x00000000000001f8 memsz 0x00000000000001f8 flags r-x

  INTERP off    0x0000000000000238 vaddr 0x0000000000400238 paddr 0x0000000000400238 align 2**0

         filesz 0x000000000000001c memsz 0x000000000000001c flags r--

    LOAD off    0x0000000000000000 vaddr 0x0000000000400000 paddr 0x0000000000400000 align 2**21

         filesz 0x00000000000048ba memsz 0x00000000000048ba flags r-x

    LOAD off    0x0000000000004b48 vaddr 0x0000000000604b48 paddr 0x0000000000604b48 align 2**21

         filesz 0x0000000000000610 memsz 0x0000000000000618 flags rw-

 DYNAMIC off    0x0000000000004db0 vaddr 0x0000000000604db0 paddr 0x0000000000604db0 align 2**3

         filesz 0x0000000000000240 memsz 0x0000000000000240 flags rw-

    NOTE off    0x0000000000000254 vaddr 0x0000000000400254 paddr 0x0000000000400254 align 2**2

         filesz 0x0000000000000044 memsz 0x0000000000000044 flags r--

EH_FRAME off    0x0000000000003f58 vaddr 0x0000000000403f58 paddr 0x0000000000403f58 align 2**2

         filesz 0x00000000000001ac memsz 0x00000000000001ac flags r--

   STACK off    0x0000000000000000 vaddr 0x0000000000000000 paddr 0x0000000000000000 align 2**4

         filesz 0x0000000000000000 memsz 0x0000000000000000 flags rw-

   RELRO off    0x0000000000004b48 vaddr 0x0000000000604b48 paddr 0x0000000000604b48 align 2**0

         filesz 0x00000000000004b8 memsz 0x00000000000004b8 flags r--

 

Dynamic Section:

  NEEDED               libmonoboehm-2.0.so.1

  NEEDED               libQt5Widgets.so.5

  NEEDED               libQt5Core.so.5

  NEEDED               libstdc++.so.6

  NEEDED               libgcc_s.so.1

  NEEDED               libc.so.6

  RPATH                $ORIGIN:/usr/local/Qt/5.6/gcc_64/lib

  INIT                 0x0000000000402618

  FINI                 0x0000000000403ba4

  INIT_ARRAY           0x0000000000604b48

  INIT_ARRAYSZ         0x0000000000000008

  FINI_ARRAY           0x0000000000604b50

  FINI_ARRAYSZ         0x0000000000000008

  GNU_HASH             0x0000000000400298

  STRTAB               0x0000000000400cf8

  SYMTAB               0x00000000004002d8

  STRSZ                0x0000000000000e5e

  SYMENT               0x0000000000000018

  DEBUG                0x0000000000000000

  PLTGOT               0x0000000000605000

  PLTRELSZ             0x0000000000000378

  PLTREL               0x0000000000000007

  JMPREL               0x00000000004022a0

  RELA                 0x0000000000401d00

  RELASZ               0x00000000000005a0

  RELAENT              0x0000000000000018

  FLAGS_1              0x0000000000000080

  VERNEED              0x0000000000401c30

  VERNEEDNUM           0x0000000000000005

  VERSYM               0x0000000000401b56

 

Version References:

  required from libgcc_s.so.1:

    0x0b792650 0x00 07 GCC_3.0

  required from libstdc++.so.6:

    0x056bafd3 0x00 08 CXXABI_1.3

    0x08922974 0x00 06 GLIBCXX_3.4

  required from libc.so.6:

    0x09691a75 0x00 09 GLIBC_2.2.5

    0x0d696914 0x00 05 GLIBC_2.4

  required from libQt5Core.so.5:

    0x00058a25 0x00 04 Qt_5

    0x058a2816 0x00 03 Qt_5.6

  required from libQt5Widgets.so.5:

    0x00058a25 0x00 02 Qt_5

 

Sections:

Idx Name          Size      VMA               LMA               File off  Algn

  0 .interp       0000001c  0000000000400238  0000000000400238  00000238  2**0

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

  1 .note.ABI-tag 00000020  0000000000400254  0000000000400254  00000254  2**2

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

  2 .note.gnu.build-id 00000024  0000000000400274  0000000000400274  00000274  2**2

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

  3 .gnu.hash     00000040  0000000000400298  0000000000400298  00000298  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

  4 .dynsym       00000a20  00000000004002d8  00000000004002d8  000002d8  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

  5 .dynstr       00000e5e  0000000000400cf8  0000000000400cf8  00000cf8  2**0

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

  6 .gnu.version  000000d8  0000000000401b56  0000000000401b56  00001b56  2**1

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

  7 .gnu.version_r 000000d0  0000000000401c30  0000000000401c30  00001c30  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

  8 .rela.dyn     000005a0  0000000000401d00  0000000000401d00  00001d00  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

  9 .rela.plt     00000378  00000000004022a0  00000000004022a0  000022a0  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

 10 .init         0000001a  0000000000402618  0000000000402618  00002618  2**2

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE

 11 .plt          00000260  0000000000402640  0000000000402640  00002640  2**4

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE

 12 .plt.got      00000008  00000000004028a0  00000000004028a0  000028a0  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE

 13 .text         000012f2  00000000004028b0  00000000004028b0  000028b0  2**4

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE

 14 .fini         00000009  0000000000403ba4  0000000000403ba4  00003ba4  2**2

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE

 15 .rodata       00000385  0000000000403bc0  0000000000403bc0  00003bc0  2**5

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

 16 .qtversion    00000010  0000000000403f48  0000000000403f48  00003f48  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

 17 .eh_frame_hdr 000001ac  0000000000403f58  0000000000403f58  00003f58  2**2

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

 18 .eh_frame     00000704  0000000000404108  0000000000404108  00004108  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

 19 .gcc_except_table 000000ae  000000000040480c  000000000040480c  0000480c  2**0

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

 20 .init_array   00000008  0000000000604b48  0000000000604b48  00004b48  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA

 21 .fini_array   00000008  0000000000604b50  0000000000604b50  00004b50  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA

 22 .jcr          00000008  0000000000604b58  0000000000604b58  00004b58  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA

 23 .data.rel.ro  00000250  0000000000604b60  0000000000604b60  00004b60  2**5

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA

 24 .dynamic      00000240  0000000000604db0  0000000000604db0  00004db0  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA

 25 .got          00000010  0000000000604ff0  0000000000604ff0  00004ff0  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA

 26 .got.plt      00000140  0000000000605000  0000000000605000  00005000  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA

 27 .data         00000018  0000000000605140  0000000000605140  00005140  2**3

                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA

 28 .bss          00000008  0000000000605158  0000000000605158  00005158  2**0

                  ALLOC

 29 .comment      0000002f  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  00005158  2**0

                  CONTENTS, READONLY

 30 .debug_aranges 000002f0  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  00005187  2**0

                  CONTENTS, READONLY, DEBUGGING

 31 .debug_info   0008935d  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  00005477  2**0

                  CONTENTS, READONLY, DEBUGGING

 32 .debug_abbrev 0000249a  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  0008e7d4  2**0

                  CONTENTS, READONLY, DEBUGGING

 33 .debug_line   00001bf6  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  00090c6e  2**0

                  CONTENTS, READONLY, DEBUGGING

 34 .debug_str    0004406c  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  00092864  2**0

                  CONTENTS, READONLY, DEBUGGING

 35 .debug_ranges 00000300  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  000d68d0  2**0

                  CONTENTS, READONLY, DEBUGGING

SYMBOL TABLE:

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0000000000400274 l    d  .note.gnu.build-id    0000000000000000              .note.gnu.build-id

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Now, let’s turn our attention to Windows. Visual Studio installs DumpBin that allows to examine COFF object files, executable (PE as mentioned earlier) and dynamic-link libraries (DLL). One of the many switches it’s got is “/dependents” that produces the  following output (in this case, we’re dumping Explorer.exe). if we wanted, we could have also dumped the exported symbols in a dynamic-library, for instance.

 

Microsoft (R) COFF/PE Dumper Version 14.00.23506.0

Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

 

 

Dump of file explorer.exe

 

File Type: EXECUTABLE IMAGE

 

  Image has the following delay load dependencies:

 

    netutils.dll

    wkscli.dll

    api-ms-win-security-sddl-l1-1-0.dll

    CRYPTSP.dll

    ole32.dll

    CFGMGR32.dll

    WINTRUST.dll

    Bcp47Langs.dll

    WINSTA.dll

    OLEACC.dll

    DUser.dll

    DUI70.dll

    SndVolSSO.DLL

    WinLangdb.dll

    MFPlat.DLL

    MF.dll

    SETTINGSYNCPOLICY.dll

    wlanapi.dll

    AppXAllUserStore.dll

    api-ms-win-appmodel-state-l1-2-0.dll

    ext-ms-win-ntuser-draw-l1-1-1.dll

    ext-ms-win-ntuser-draw-l1-1-2.dll

    ext-ms-win-rtcore-ntuser-window-ext-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-winrt-propertysetprivate-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-biplmapi-l1-1-1.dll

    dsreg.dll

    ext-ms-onecore-appmodel-veventdispatcher-l1-1-0.dll

    SystemEventsBrokerClient.dll

    api-ms-win-service-management-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-service-winsvc-l1-2-0.dll

    WINMM.dll

    UIAutomationCore.DLL

    SLC.dll

    XmlLite.dll

    api-ms-win-security-provider-l1-1-0.dll

 

  Image has the following dependencies:

 

    msvcrt.dll

    api-ms-win-core-libraryloader-l1-2-0.dll

    OLEAUT32.dll

    api-ms-win-eventing-provider-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-processthreads-l1-1-2.dll

    api-ms-win-core-debug-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-localization-l1-2-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-synch-l1-2-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-threadpool-l1-2-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-com-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-errorhandling-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-handle-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-sysinfo-l1-2-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-synch-l1-2-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-registry-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-heap-l2-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-winrt-string-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-heap-l1-2-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-string-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-eventing-classicprovider-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-processenvironment-l1-2-0.dll

    api-ms-win-security-base-l1-2-0.dll

    api-ms-win-power-base-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-libraryloader-l1-2-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-string-l2-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-path-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-timezone-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-file-l1-2-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-winrt-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-datetime-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-psapi-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-util-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-memory-l1-1-2.dll

    api-ms-win-core-interlocked-l1-2-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-profile-l1-1-0.dll

    ntdll.dll

    api-ms-win-core-job-l2-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-kernel32-private-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-registryuserspecific-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-com-private-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-atoms-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-url-l1-1-0.dll

    KERNEL32.dll

    USER32.dll

    GDI32.dll

    SHCORE.dll

    SHLWAPI.dll

    SHELL32.dll

    PROPSYS.dll

    UxTheme.dll

    dwmapi.dll

    TWINAPI.dll

    combase.dll

    d3d11.dll

    dcomp.dll

    api-ms-win-core-biptcltapi-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-biptcltapi-l1-1-3.dll

    api-ms-win-core-string-l2-1-0.dll

    SspiCli.dll

    api-ms-win-security-lsalookup-l2-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-winrt-error-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-registry-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-io-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-eventing-controller-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-core-errorhandling-l1-1-3.dll

    USERENV.dll

    api-ms-win-core-file-l2-1-2.dll

    api-ms-win-service-management-l2-1-0.dll

    CRYPT32.dll

    api-ms-win-core-delayload-l1-1-1.dll

    api-ms-win-core-sidebyside-l1-1-0.dll

    api-ms-win-security-lsalookup-l1-1-2.dll

    MrmCoreR.dll

    api-ms-win-core-apiquery-l1-1-0.dll

    RPCRT4.dll

    profapi.dll

    api-ms-win-security-lsalookup-l1-1-1.dll

 

  Summary

 

        3000 .data

        1000 .didat

        8000 .idata

        1000 .imrsiv

       1A000 .reloc

      1EA000 .rsrc

      1CD000 .text

 

There is also a “visual” dependency walker that can be downloaded from here.  It provides the same functionality as DumpBin but it’s got a much nicer and better user interface. It provides access to Exported symbols too. The image depicted below belongs to GDI32.DLL

 

image

 

Happy coding!

 

Angel

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Filed under: Open-Source - @ June 8, 2016 4:05 pm

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